Immigration
Societal Concepts
Types of Immigrants Assimilation a+b+c=A
1. voluntary minorities Melting pot a+b+c =d
2.involuntary minorities cultural pluralism a+b+c= a1+ b1+c1
3.autonomus minorities classical pluralism a+b+c=a+b+c
4. refugees
push pull model-
- people are pushed out of their homelands for reasons of expulsion (economic, political)
-people are pulled and attracted to a place (economic and political advantages)
US Immigration- melting pot
Dominant population of Western European settlers overtook the native americans
1800s Nativism- old immigrants were the true Americans-
Americanization (assimilation) of students 1900's
Standardized testing biases- 1920's IQ scores used for political purposes
(those who scored higher were those who had been in the US longer)
=>Superiority of European heritage=> National Origins Act- 1924- restricted the number of immigrants allowed to enter to a % of the ones already in the US with the exception of the old immigrants
This is how the dominant culture remained dominant. Wasn't changed until 1965.
1862 U.Grant banned Jews from Tennessee
Irish-Catholics-anti Irish sentiment mid-1800s
Chinese due to economic prejudice- Chinese exclusion act
Japanese- illegal to own land (no asian rights in court)
Mexican- migrant laborers 1929-1934 US repatriated 400,00 Mexicans- sent them home
200,000 were US citizens: Bracero program- migrant workers
(more recently border crossing)
Puerto Ricans-1917 US citizens- circulatory migration as a way of life
kinship immigration-sending members of families over gradually
Refugees-a person who is given asylum in a country- from persecution of race, politics, religion, nationality, social group...not poverty
1982- Plyer v. Doe - children cannot be denied free education based on their immigration status
1990s Proposition 187- illegal immigrants were not allowed the freedoms of daily life- illegal
immigrants therefore cannot attend school at all, no nonemergency medical care, including child
shots- this proposition was ended, but certain states fine landlords for renting to illegal immigrants
****Very important point***** The immigration status of the family has a large impact of the student.
-parents may not want to attend school, library or any government/ public functions for fear of the INS
I have faced the challenge of imparting this to teachers and administrators who complain about the lack of parental support from immigrant parents. I wish more teachers realized that all government/ public functions in immigrants minds are connected. Although we may see no major risk in attending a school Halloween party, the immigrant may think there are men with guns there ready to take them away; depending on their schemata.
Stages of Immigrant Americanization
_arrival survival
_culture shock
_coping
_acculturation-mainstreamed and may take leadership roles within their cultural communities
4 categories of identity in relation to cultural groups
1. traditional 2.bicultural 3. acculturated (adapted to new society) 4.marginal (at ease nowhere)
General cosonance- family relations after the family has moved
General disconsonance- when one acculturates and the other doesn't leading to role reversal and family conflict
Imposition- of a new culture resulting in the destruction of original culture
Native Americans- killed, moved from sacred homelands, moved to reservations, American schooled their children- where they beat the culture and language out of them
Blacs and Mexicans were intentionally not educated to maintain the dominant culture
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